Consider using the conflict system from Mouse Guard (and now Torchbearer). You can find a summary on the second page of the Mouse Guard character sheet.
There are only four actions to choose from: Attack, Defend, Feint, and Maneuver. For an argument conflict, you would roll Persuasion (plus helping dice) and add your Will for a disposition. You would need to map all of the Dueling skills into their actions (e.g., Falsehood for Feint/Maneuver), but that shouldn't be too hard. You'll still get compromises and tactical scripting, but it might run longer than you want. In my experience running Mouse Guard, an argument is usually up to two scripted rounds of three actions each. It can occasionally go long, though. Defend can actually recover disposition (but not above the starting value), but a well-scripted Feint will, of course, crush deflate it.