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The spell requires 1 Reaction to cast on a creature that has damaged me.
In this scenario, let's say I attack a Warlock. He then casts Hellish Rebuke on me as his reaction. In response to his Hellish Rebuke, can I cast Hellish Rebuke on him too, even if it's technically still in my turn? (I don't know whether Reaction can only be used on other player's turn or not)
A reaction is an instant response to a trigger of some kind, which can occur on your turn or on someone else's.
Since hellish rebuke takes a reaction to cast, it obviously qualifies.
If a spell can be cast as a reaction, the spell description tells you exactly when you can do so.
The spell specifies that it can be cast
in response to being damaged by a creature within 60 feet of you that you can see
A common cause of getting damaged on your own turn is getting hit by an opportunity attack as a result of your movement1. This would be a valid trigger for the casting of hellish rebuke.
So, if it is your turn and you get damaged and you have a reaction you can cast hellish rebuke as a reaction.
Note that this means that you cannot cast a bonus action spell on your turn after casting hellish rebuke. If you have cast a bonus action spell already, you cannot cast hellish rebuke during your turn at all2. However, casting a bonus action spell on your turn would not affect your ablilty to cast hellish rebuke as a reaction outside of your turn. This is confirmed by Jeremy Crawford here.
If you use your reaction on your turn, you are not able to use another one until the start of your next turn3.
1thanks @NautArch
2thanks @goodguy5
3thanks @SteveBauer
