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I play a Totem Warrior with a greataxe. Last night we encountered our first black ooze, and all I could do was throw javelins to contribute damage!
I'm not trying to deal glass-cannon levels of damage, but it would be nice to not feel completely useless in situations like these.
How can I contribute more damage than this in fights against slash-immune creatures?
Well, that's an easy one. I would usually have at least a simple bludgeoning weapon as a replacement - it might be usefull to bash skeletons as well! A warhammer or maul suits this problem nicely.
As other answer mentioned, you can use your actual weapon as an improvised weapon. Instead of slashing with your axe, rotate it and slam with it! - how much damage this action will do is up to your DM (Correction: actually PHB 147-148 defines it - 1d4). You could improvise your torch to try and do some bludgeoning + fire damage as well, use your surroundings and whatever you have available.
But that depends on your DM giving you a magic weapon that deals elemental damage.
I'm not sure if you were talking about Ochre Jelly or Black Pudding, as both are immune to slashing and are jellies. But if you are a melee fighter against a Black Pudding, you just run. It is clearly designed to wreck melee fighters and your rangeds should be doing the job.
Just to clarify this last paragraph, as it led to some argument in comments: I'm not saying you shouldn't be playing. I am saying you aren't going to shine every time, and it should be fine as it is. You are contributing as you can, you shouldn't feel bad (ok, I shouldn't tell you how you should feel, but I hope you get my point) for "just throwing javelins". Sometimes that will be the best you can do - that doesn't actually mean you are "useless".
I frequently throw creatures with various kinds of immunities and resistances at my players, and here are some of the ways I plan for them to get around these resistances. Because finding magic items is reliant on the DM, I'm going to focus only on ways that you can get around these resistances without needing the DM to award you anything.
If you carry multiple different weapons, you can easily bypass a monster's resistance to one damage type, or exploit a vulnerability to a different damage type. In your case, if you had both a slashing weapon, like a greataxe, and a bludgeoning weapon, like a maul, you could have just swapped to the maul and contributed normally. This also will prevent somebody from crippling you by disarming you of your primary weapon.
Silver gets around some supernatural resistances, and it's relatively cheap to get an item silvered. Xanathar's Guide to Everything includes rules for treating an item made of adamantine, which can get around the resistances of some creatures, like gargoyles or other such elementals. I had one player who carried around both a silver and adamantine coated weapon at all times, just to get around resistances.
There are several class abilities, like those of a Pact of the Blade warlock, or the Way of the Kensei monk, that allow you to treat your weapon as magical for the purposes of overcoming damage resistance. Similarly, Oath of Devotion paladins can use their channel divinity to make one of their weapons magical. You could potentially multiclass to gain these benefits without needing to find anything from the DM.
However, I would not recommend multiclassing though unless you plan out very carefully how your are building your character. It can easily weaken your character as much as strengthen them. Plus, multilcassing is an optional rule that requires DM approval.
Several classes like Paladin and Wizard can prepare/learn the Magic Weapon spell. This spell requires concentration, but it makes a non-magical weapon magical. Barbarians can't concentrate on spells while raging, so you will likely need to get another player to help you out by concentrating on it for you. My paladin has this spell prepared for exactly this reason; to help me or a party member get around a resistance. Especially since that game has very few magic items.
You can contribute in a fight without doing damage.
Note that many of the below wouldn't necessarily work against an Ooze, specifically, but are general suggestions for how a martial character can continue to be useful if their weapon is unavailable or ineffective.
Grapple can render the creature you're grappling much less threatening. A grapple could provide time for an injured character to be healed, allow the rest of your party to bring numbers to your advantage (for example, if your party of 4 fights 2 monsters, grappling makes that a 3 vs 1).
Shove Can provide advantage to your allies, hinder movement of the shoved creature, or move them back 5ft (the usefulness of moving them 5 ft is very dependent on the battle layout, but can be a 1 hit k.o. if they stand next to a cliff)
Provide half cover - creatures provide +2 AC and dex saving throws by getting in the way.
Use a skill - Perception is probably a good one. Perhaps more enemies have been drawn by the Barbarian cursing that he didn't bring a hammer.
Take some damage - particularly against low intelligence creatures, if you are standing there, you're likely to be attacked. Give the party's rogue time to run away from the front lines, get healed, and get back in the fight.
Use something in the environment - Why are you fighting this ooze anyway? You're probably faster than it. Spend 3 turns barging down the locked door the ooze is guarding, and then have the party simply leave the fight.
I know it seems blunt (no pun intended) and harsh, but I (as a player) make sure my characters have bludgeoning, piercing, and slashing weapons. (In older editions, I would also get a cold-iron weapon at the first opportunity).
As a player, I would have asked if I can use the broad side of my axe instead of the slashy bit. Real weapons can be improvised weapons. Maybe it'll do less damage, but it will at least do damage.
Magic weapons generally overcome damage resistances, but they're kind of at the whim of the DM.
(PS - "why would your character know they need every type of weapon?!". Because they're an adventurer. Your character has talked to other adventurers. "Old man, when you used to delve dungeons, what'd you need? Oh, Blunt weapons? Good idea!")
Since other answers haven't mentioned this, another way to be helpful is to literally Help. You can give advantage to the characters that can safely do damage. Even better if you're a Barbarian using Unarmored Defense, since you're not risking either a weapon or your armor by being close.
The simple way would be magic weapons -- a magic greataxe, magic javelins, or a bow, either itself magical or with magic arrows. For some creatures (like were-creatures), silver(ed) weapons might suffice, though that's trading on a vulnerability, in most cases, rather than dealing "magic" damage.
Be a meat shield.
Take hits or distract your opponent while other party members do the damage.
Almost in the same context as the answer that Scott gave, Use the environment. There's gotta be something else you can use. Roll for perception, maybe see if there's a large pile of rocks you can throw at it causing multiple d4's worth of damage, see if you could roll to throw more than one javelin, also doing multiple. Throw a random goblin or two if you can find one. It might take the little snack as a generous measure of food and eat that instead of murdering your party. Dead bodies also work great as snacks for a black pudding. If its anything but a blob of acid damage throw the monster. Roll to try and knock it prone, if thats possible on a black pudding, Move behind it and use the "flanking" mechanic. That'll help as good as anything. Try stabbing the creature with the greatsword (piercing damage In my opinion) and lifting both and slamming it on the ground. If you're near a cliff try to heave it off the side. I dont care what creature it is the ground hits harder than any weapon.
There's any measure of wonderful ways to murder something.
