A Bard can add their Proficiency Bonus to checks they make with a Musical Instrument they're proficient with. It says on p.154 under Musical Instruments in the Player's Handbook:
If you have proficiency with a Musical Instrument you can add the proficiency for what ever you do with it. A bard can use a musical instrument as a spellcasting focus,...
I wonder, can I do the equivalent as a Wizard, with an Arcane Focus (staff) doubled as a Quarterstaff?
Related Question: Is it possible to use a weapon as a normal weapon and an arcane focus at the same time?