Fighting defensively penalty (penalty on attack rolls, damage rolls or both?)

Question

Greetings fellow adventures!

A little query in regards to fight defensively

You can choose to fight defensively when attacking. If you do so, you take a –4 penalty on all attacks in a round to gain a +2 to AC until the start of your next turn.

Is that a -4 to the attack roll, damage roll or both?

I noticed that in description of Shooting or Throwing into a Melee the attack roll specifically is mentioned

If you shoot or throw a ranged weapon at a target engaged in melee with a friendly character, you take a –4 penalty on your attack roll. Two characters are engaged in melee if they are enemies of each other and either threatens the other. (An unconscious or otherwise immobilized character is not considered engaged unless he is actually being attacked.)

This leads me to believe that as one roll is not specifically mentioned it would be for both.

Answer 1

'Attacks' or 'attack roll' both refer to the attack roll only, not damage. If damage should be included, it is explicitly mentioned.

So fighting defensively gives a -4 penalty to attack rolls only. Damage is unchanged.

If you look at it thematically, it would make sense for the character's swing to be less precise while fighting defensively (and thus give a penalty on the attack roll, resulting in a higher chance of miss). IF he/she would hit, though, the damage his/her weapon would do should still be the same (i.e same weapon, same force behind the swing, etc)