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Can you use the sorcerer's Metamagic option Extended Spell more than once on a single spell? In other words, can you pay more SP to extend the duration by one factor?
For example:
Say a given spell has a duration of 1 minute. If you spend 1 Sorcery Point, the duration changes to 10 minutes; spending 3 SP changes the duration to 1 hour; 4 SP makes it 8 Hours; 5 SP makes it 24 hours. Does this work?
No, you can't. In general, you can only use one metamagic, once, on any spell.
You can use only one Metamagic option on a spell when you cast it, unless otherwise noted.
The only such note is this one, on Empowered Spell:
You can use Empowered Spell even if you have already used a different Metamagic option during the casting of the spell.
In particular, Extended Spell has no such note.
When you cast a spell that has a duration of 1 minute or longer, you can spend 1 sorcery point to double its duration, to a maximum duration of 24 hours.
So no, you can only Extend a spell once. Also, Extended Spell doesn't work the way you seem to think it does. All it does is double the duration, not increase the duration by "factors".
This question is explicitly addressed in the Sage Advice Compendium (here on D&D Beyond):
Metamagic rules state you can’t use multiple Metamagic options on a single spell. Can you use one option multiple times?
A sorcerer can use one Metamagic option once in the casting of a spell, not the same option more than once. For instance, a sorcerer can’t quadruple the duration of a spell by spending 2 sorcery points on Extended Spell.
This fits with the explicitly stated restriction (in the description of the Metamagic feature) that you can use only one Metamagic option on a spell when you cast it; likewise, you can only use that option once on a spell you cast (it doesn't stack with itself).
Jeremy Crawford says that is not the intention of the Metamagic.
Revenant_Fury @Revenant_Fury
@JeremyECrawford Metamagic rules state you can't use multiple Metamagic options on a single spell. Can you use one option, multiple times?
11:17 AM - 7 Aug 2015
Jeremy Crawford @JeremyECrawford
The intent is that a sorcerer can use a Metamagic option once with a spell, not the same option more than once. https://twitter.com/Revenant_Fury/status/629491521872633856 …
1:39 PM - 7 Aug 2015
The following rule forbids you from using Quickened Spell and Extended Spell on the same casting, because QS and TS are different options.
You can use only one Metamagic option on a spell when you cast it, unless otherwise noted.
It does not say: you can apply only one Metamagic effect on a spell when you cast it, unless otherwise noted or any similar language which generally forbids more than one application of a Metamagic ability on a spell; only the prevention of using more than one Metamagic option.
Extended Spell is the same Metamagic option as Extended Spell (obviously). The rules apply only when the options are different. RAW does not forbid you from stacking Extended Spell on the same casting.
