#Not unless the feat says it can.
If a feat increases your Intelligence score by 1, for instance, and your Intelligence score is already at 20 (and your maximum is unchanged at 20 as well), there is no rule allowing you to pick a different ability score to increase instead.
There are some "half-feats" that give you a number of different options to choose from. For instance, the Elven Accuracy feat (Xanathar's Guide to Everything, p. 74) lets you increase either your Dexterity, Intelligence, Wisdom, or Charisma score by 1; Resilient (PHB, p. 168) lets you increase any one ability score by 1 and gain proficiency in the corresponding saving throw. Otherwise, you are limited to the specific ability score that the feat says you can increase.
(As always, a DM can house-rule otherwise; if they're considering doing so, they should of course be aware that this increases the usefulness/versatility of such feats.)