If you have an exploding N-sided die that adds another die when it's at max, the average A is: A = (1+2+...N+A)/N This is the same as: A = (N(N+1) + A)/2N This, in turn, can be simplified to: 2N*A = N(N+1) + A And that in turn, can be simplified to what Pat Ludwig has so kindly tabulated. A similar method can be used to calculate averages when the highest roll of a die is substituted by tolling 2 (or more) of the same dice-type.