It seems based on a close reading, that there is no volume limit on how much material you can transmute.  You are limited by only three factors.  

 1. It's a single object.  The larger the object the more time you have to spend, so you can in theory spend 30 hours converting a small outhouse which is 180 cubic feet.
 2. The object is all made out of only a single material. If there is any metal in that outhouse, you can't transmute it.
 3. You are able to concentrate for that long.  There might be reason to believe that you can't hold concentration for more than 24 hours. But perhaps you can.

As long as you are dealing with a single object, made of a single material and you can maintain concentration, there is no limit to the volume of the object you are transmuting.

> .. you can temporarily alter the physical properties of one nonmagical object, changing it from one substance into another. You perform a special alchemical  procedure on one object composed entirely of wood , stone (but not a gem stone), iron, copper, or silver, transforming it into a different one of those materials. ...  
> Page 119 of the Player's Handbook


Basically you have two possible readings of this description. 
 1.  Either, you perform a procedure.  During the performance of this procedure, every 10 minutes, another 1 cubit foot of material gets transmuted into the new substance, 60 minutes after that happens, it turns back to it's orignal form.
 2. You perform a procedure. The procedure takes 10 minutes per cubic foot of material. When you finish the procedure, which can take anywhere from 10 minutes to several hours, the entire object transmutes into the new substance.

I think that if the first reading was intended, then the description would include something along the lines of "you can transmute the material at a rate of 10 min per cubic foot."  I also don't think the rules would be limited to a single object, but would rather encompass 1 cubic foot of material every 10 minutes, be that 1 object such as a box, or 100 copper coins.

Further, the idea that you can say a wood box, where half of the box is wood, and half of the box is stone, doesn't make much sense. A strict reading of the rules would also make this impossible, since once you have transmuted the first cubic foot of material, then the box would be made of two materials and yo would no longer be allowed to perform the procedure!