The short answer, assuming you're whacking at a stationary object is:

**Human Great Weapon Fighter with the Great Weapon Master feat wielding a Greatsword**

Assuming you're hitting a normal CR1 encounter:

**Raging Human Barbarian with the Pole Arm Master feat wielding a Polearm**

The significantly longer answer is that here are some calculations I did for the options that seemed obvious to me. Interestingly enough, the Barbarian didn't make the top of the list in terms of pure damage, but it did make the top of the list once we added AC into the mix.

You can also add Caltrops to any of these builds (and you can afford a *lot* of caltrops) to add up to 1 dmg/r.

Other notes:

 - The only source material used for this was the PHB, as I do not have access to all of the adventure paths and supplements
 - You can see the detailed number on the sheet linked below, but for ACs from 11-19 the barbarian pole arm master is pretty clearly at the top of the hill
 - I gave all characters rolls of 18 for their stats, then added any racial strength bonus that applied. Point-buy only allows you to get to 16/17 instead of 19/20, and will lower your dmg/r across the board.
 - All damage is given in expected values, done by hand. It's possible I failed my Intelligence(Statistics) check, so if you see something say something
 - Humans used are Variant Humans, to take advantage of the bonus feat. Half-Orc is used otherwise as they're the only race I could find that can possibly add damage to their attacks through the Savagry feature, as well as giving a handy +2 Str.
 - No magic weapons are used, as they are out of the budget of level 1 characters even if they sell all of their possessions, max out their starting gold rolls, and take the Noble background
 - You want numbers? [Here's a Google Sheet with some numbers.](https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1vjgZWGFPswZBRKpGvruJLAgYsNwQDjunW1BD2gdzH3w/edit?usp=sharing)

Without further ado, here is my list of damage-optimized level 1 characters (please refer to the above sheet for numbers with AC factored in).

Human Great Weapon Fighter with Great Weapon Master feat (22.75 dmg/r, +0 to hit)

 - +4 str bonus
 - +10 feat bonus (-5 to hit)
 - 2d6 (reroll 1,2) greatsword attack (22.333333 dmg/r)
 - 5% crit (.41666666 dmg)

Human Barbarian with Polearm Master feat (20.4 dmg/r, +5 to hit)

 - +4 str bonus
 - +2 rag bonus
 - 1d10 polearm attack (11.5 dmg)
 - 1d4 bonus attack (8.5 dmg)
 - 5% crit (0.4 dmg)

Half-Orc Two Weapon Fighter (17.7 dmg/r, +6 to hit)

 - +5 str bonus
 - 1d6 shortsword attack (8.5 dmg)
 - 1d6 shortsword attack (8.5 dmg)
 - 5% crit including extra damage die from Savagery (0.7 dmg)

Human Two Weapon Fighter with Dual Wielder feat (17.45 dmg/r, +5 to hit)

 - +4 str bonus
 - 1d8 longsword attack (8.5 dmg)
 - 1d8 longsword attack (8.5 dmg)
 - 5% crit (.45 dmg)