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Lets break this down even more just to be clear. Here is an example:

Goblin has 7 Hit Points, 15 AC. Character swings a short sword. Short sword has the finesse property, so the character can choose between Strength or Dexterity. Let's say they choose strength and a +1 STR MOD.

1. Character rolls for attack -- rolls D20 to hit against the Goblin's Armor Class and succeeds with a roll of 14 + 1 STR MOD + 2 PROFICIENCY BONUS = 17 to hit (which is >= 15).

2. Character rolls damage for short sword rolls a D6 and gets 3 + 1 STR MOD = 4 damage.

3. Goblin calculates remaining HP. 7 - 4 = 3 HP left for the Goblin.

The goblin flees. Finds a place to take a short rest of 1 hour (or more) and chooses to roll its hit dice to heal some of that damage...

Lets break this down even more just to be clear. Here is an example:

Goblin has 7 Hit Points, 15 AC. Character swings a short sword which they are proficient with. Short sword has the finesse property, so the character can choose between Strength or Dexterity. Let's say they choose strength and a +1 STR MOD.

1. Character rolls for attack -- rolls D20 to hit against the Goblin's Armor Class and succeeds with a roll of 14 + 1 STR MOD + 2 PROFICIENCY BONUS = 17 to hit (which is >= 15).

2. Character rolls damage for short sword rolls a D6 and gets 3 + 1 STR MOD = 4 damage. Damage doesn't include proficiency. The modifier is the smaller derived from the larger ability score.

3. Goblin calculates remaining HP. 7 - 4 = 3 HP left for the Goblin.

The goblin flees. Finds a place to take a short rest of 1 hour (or more) and chooses to roll its hit dice to heal some of that damage...

Lets break this down even more just to be clear. Here is an example:

Goblin has 7 Hit Points, 15 AC. Character swings a short sword. Short sword has the finesse property, so the character can choose between Strength or Dexterity. Lets say they choose strength and a +1 STR MOD.

1. Character rolls for attack -- rolls D20 to hit against the Goblin's Armor Class and succeeds with a roll of 14 + 1 STR MOD + 2 PROFICENY BONUS = 17 to hit (which is >= 15).

2. Character rolls damage for short sword rolls a D6 and gets 3 + 1 STR MOD = 4 damage.

3. Goblin calculates remaining HP. 7 - 4 = 3 HP left for the Goblin.

The goblin flees. Finds a place to take a short rest of 1 hour (or more) and chooses to roll its hit dice to heal some of that damage...

Lets break this down even more just to be clear. Here is an example:

Goblin has 7 Hit Points, 15 AC. Character swings a short sword. Short sword has the finesse property, so the character can choose between Strength or Dexterity. Let's say they choose strength and a +1 STR MOD.

1. Character rolls for attack -- rolls D20 to hit against the Goblin's Armor Class and succeeds with a roll of 14 + 1 STR MOD + 2 PROFICIENCY BONUS = 17 to hit (which is >= 15).

2. Character rolls damage for short sword rolls a D6 and gets 3 + 1 STR MOD = 4 damage.

3. Goblin calculates remaining HP. 7 - 4 = 3 HP left for the Goblin.

The goblin flees. Finds a place to take a short rest of 1 hour (or more) and chooses to roll its hit dice to heal some of that damage...

Lets break this down even more just to be clear. Here is an example:

Goblin has 7 Hit Points, 15 AC. Character swings a short sword. Short sword has the finesse property, so the character can choose between Strength or Dexterity. Lets say they choose strength and a +1 STR MOD.

1. Character rolls for attack -- rolls D20 to hit against the Goblin's Armor Class and succeeds with a roll of 14 + 1 STR MOD + 2 PROFICENY BONUS = 16 to hit (which is >= 15).

2. Character rolls damage for short sword rolls a D6 and gets 3 + 1 STR MOD = 4 damage.

3. Goblin calculates remaining HP. 7 - 4 = 3 HP left for the Goblin.

The goblin flees. Finds a place to take a short rest of 1 hour (or more) and chooses to roll its hit dice to heal some of that damage...

Lets break this down even more just to be clear. Here is an example:

Goblin has 7 Hit Points, 15 AC. Character swings a short sword. Short sword has the finesse property, so the character can choose between Strength or Dexterity. Lets say they choose strength and a +1 STR MOD.

1. Character rolls for attack -- rolls D20 to hit against the Goblin's Armor Class and succeeds with a roll of 14 + 1 STR MOD + 2 PROFICENY BONUS = 17 to hit (which is >= 15).

2. Character rolls damage for short sword rolls a D6 and gets 3 + 1 STR MOD = 4 damage.

3. Goblin calculates remaining HP. 7 - 4 = 3 HP left for the Goblin.

The goblin flees. Finds a place to take a short rest of 1 hour (or more) and chooses to roll its hit dice to heal some of that damage...