It depends
This is uptoup to the gmDM and how they have decided to implement how players go about with their investigation checks. Some checks have no chance of triggering a trap and hence don't apply to this situation, but there are a few situations where that might not be the case.
For example, if you were to check all the tiles on the floor of a room for a pressure plate you could accidentally trigger the pressure during your check as you might step on a trap during your check.
(If you rolled low enough to miss the trap)
In my experience in such cases the dmDM often asks how you go about doing the check and depending on the roll (if itsit's low enough) and your actions, you might inadvertently trigger the trap.