According to the FAQ on stacking size effects, most of those do not stack:
Size increases and effective size increases: How does damage work if I have various effects that change my actual size, my effective size, and my damage dice?
As per the rules on size changes, size changes do not stack, so if you have multiple size changing effects (for instance an effect that increases your size by one step and another that increases your size by two steps), only the largest applies. The same is true of effective size increases (which includes “deal damage as if they were one size category larger than they actually are,” “your damage die type increases by one step,” and similar language). They don’t stack with each other, just take the biggest one.
However, you can have one of each and they do work together (for example, enlarge person increasing your actual size to Large and a bashing shield increasing your shield’s effective size by two steps, for a total of 2d6 damage).
To make this simple, these are size changing effects:
And these are effective size increases:
Pick one of each type, a size changing effect, and an effective size increase (the highest of each). Then modify your damage according to the natural weapon table (updated on this FAQ and replicatedexplained on this answer). The result is your actual damage dice.
Considering that the claws from the Draconic Bloodline deal 1d6 damage for medium-sized creatures, picking the best options would mean three size increases on the table, so you increase the base damage by sixfive steps:
- 1d6 (original)
- 1d8
- 1d10 (first size increase)
- 2d61d10
- 2d82d6 (second size increase)
- 3d62d8
- 3d83d6 (third size increase)
Finally, Ascetic Strike increases your Unarmed damage, not the damage from any of your natural attacks. But you still would gain the bonuses to the listed combat maneuvers against smaller opponents. If you got the Feral Combat Training feat, you may replace your unarmed strikes by one of your natural weapons when making a Flurry of Blows or any ability or feats that require the Improved Unarmed Strike feat (Ascetic Strike is neither), like Boar Style or even Stunning Fist.
As a hint though, the Bestial Aspect from the Rageshaper Archetype is not a size increasing effect in any way, and should increase your polymorph-granted natural weapons by one additional dice.