How many languages is it possible to learn?

Question

If I want to roleplay an interpreter, is there a max number of languages I can learn? Standard human, plan to get 18 INT.

Answer 1

There is no limit, because languages can be learned during downtime

From the SRD section on Downtime Activities, under Training:

You can spend time between adventures learning a new language or training with a set of tools. Your GM might allow additional training options. First, you must find an instructor willing to teach you. The GM determines how long it takes, and whether one or more ability checks are required. The training lasts for 250 days and costs 1 gp per day. After you spend the requisite amount of time and money, you learn the new language or gain proficiency with the new tool.

Given the extensive amount of downtime involved, you may want to know how many languages you can gain from your race, class, and background features. Assuming multiclassing and feats are allowed, a Character that is a:

Players Handbook

• Half-Elf (3 languages)
• Acolyte (2 languages)
• Ranger 14 (3 languages)
• Knowledge Cleric 1 (2 languages)
• Mastermind Rogue 3 (3 language)
• Druid 1 (1 language)
• Linguist feat (3 languages)

Xanathar's Guide to Everything

• Prodigy feat (1 language)

should know 18 different languages at level 19.

Answer 2

"Mundane" limits on languages

Using the PHB, it is possible for a human to speak up to 7 languages at character creation without resorting to magical means or class features.

• Human: Common, and one extra

• Acolyte/Sage background: two extra languages

• Linguist feat (PHB, p. 167): 3 languages

Note that if you pick another race, like half-elf, you can get access to more languages. For example, the half-elf can speak common, elvish, and one extra language. Additionally, the DM can allow you to learn more languages at his/her discretion. It's important to note that your INT score does not affect how many languages you know.

Class Features

The Cleric's Knowledge Domain grants knowledge of two languages at 1st level (PHB, p. 59). The Ranger gets the language of their favored enemy (PHB p. 91), and the Druid class gets access to druidic, but I'm not sure how useful that is for being an interpreter.

The best class feature for languages is the Monk's Tongue of the Sun and Moon feature, which looks perfect for your interpreter RP (PHB p. 79), though it's a bit high level:

Starting at 13th level, you learn to touch the ki of other minds so that you understand all spoken languages. Moreover, any creature that can understand a language can understand what you say.

Magic

The comprehend languages and the tongues spells allow you to understand or read any language, but they don't allow you to speak them. Effects such as telepathy - from the Great Old One Warlock's Awakened Mind feature (PHB, p. 110), for example - bypass the issue of language entirely.

Answer 3

Using magic you can have access to every language. Between Comprehend Languages and Tongues you should be able to speak/understand anything that is thrown at you.

Tongues

This spell grants the creature you touch the ability to understand any spoken language it hears. Moreover, when the target speaks, any creature that knows at least one language and can hear the target understands what it says.

Comprehend Languages

For the duration, you understand the literal meaning of any spoken language that you hear. You also understand any written language that you see, but you must be touching the surface on which the words are written. It takes about 1 minute to read one page of text.

This spell doesn’t decode secret messages in a text or a glyph, such as an arcane sigil, that isn’t part of a written language.

As far as I'm aware, there is no maximum number of languages in 5e you can learn, but keep in mind they take time and resources to learn (i.e., how would you learn Infernal if you've never encountered it before?). Those spells alone should be more than enough though.

Answer 4

23 languages (24 if you include Thieves' Cant) via RAW only (no UA), without training or "catch all" solutions

This build is about the maximum number of known languages acquired solely through game features (since, given enough downtime and money, you can learn an unlimited number of languages), and without using "catch-all" options like the "Eyes of the Rune Keeper" Eldritch Invocation letting you read all languages or the "Tongue of the Sun and Moon" Monk class feature letting you speak all languages; in other words, you must be able to speak, read and write each language, which those "catch-all" options do not grant (because neither of the aforementioned "catch-all" options allow you to write all languages).

Note that some of these languages are specific languages that must be learned as part of that game feature, whereas others simply allow you to "learn any language of your choice". The former will be denoted by a * character to show that they are specific choices. Any other language listed is just my arbitrary choice to prove that there are yet more languages that can be learnt (since there are more languages in the game than those listed in the Player's Handbook).

Race will be Half-Elf, because they have two specific languages plus a third language choice, and whilst the High Elf race boasts the same, we also want the Prodigy feat eventually, which is only available to Half-Elves, Half-Orcs or Humans, so Half-Elf is the optimal choice. We will also assume a background that grants two extra languages like Acolyte or Sage or whatever (there are quite a few that grant two languages, and the exact choice doesn't matter).

• Rogue 1: Common* and Elvish* from Half-Elf plus, say, Dwarvish as their additional language; two more from Background, which can be Gnomish and Halfling, and Thieves' Cant from Rogue (whether Thieves' Cant counts as a language in its own right is debatable, but we might as well list it anyway). If we choose to exclude Thieves' Cant for now, that's a total of 5 at level 1.
• Rogue 3: If we go with the Mastermind subclass, we gain two more, say, Giant and Goblin, so that's 7.
• Rogue 3/Cleric 1: The Knowledge Domain grants two extra languages, so we can pick Orc and Celestial, so we're up to 9.
• Rogue 3/Cleric 1/Druid 1: A level in Druid gives us Druidic*, which gives us a total of 10.
• Rogue 3/Cleric 1/Druid 2: Choosing Circle of the Shepherd gives us Sylvan*, so now we're at 11.
• Rogue 3/Cleric 1/Druid 2/Sorcerer 1: Going with Storm Sorcery gives us Primordial*, so we're up to 12 now.
• Rogue 3/Cleric 1/Druid 2/Sorcerer 1/Ranger 1: If you choose the Deft Explorer optional feature but also choose to keep the original Favored Enemy feature, we gain a total of three new languages, say, Giant Eagle, Undercommon, Hook Horror (your chosen Favored Enemy should speak one of the languages you learn, so let's say Monstrosity for Hook Horror, or the Drow and Duergar humanoid races for Undercommon, etc). Anyway, that gives us a total of 15 at this level.
• Rogue 3/Cleric 1/Druid 2/Sorcerer 1/Ranger 3: If we choose the Drakewarden archetype, we gain the feature Draconic Gift, which has a "sub-feature" called "Tongue of Dragons", from which we can learn an extra language, so Draconic"*", so that's 16 _{(the reason I put the * in quotes is because it should make you learn Draconic, but instead it just lets you choose whatever language you like; that said, if you already knew Draconic anyway, like if we'd chosen it earlier, then this is kind of a moot point, but it still annoys me that you could not know Draconic by this point. But regardless, I've chosen Draconic).}
• Rogue 3/Cleric 1/Druid 2/Sorcerer 1/Ranger 4: Our first ASI, we'll take the Linguist feat for three more, so Abyssal, Infernal, Deep Speech, so we have 19.
• Rogue 3/Cleric 1/Druid 2/Sorcerer 1/Ranger 6: Another via Favored Enemy, say Giant Owl (same as at Ranger 1; the language must relate to your newly chosen Favored Enemy, so in this case we can go with Beasts to pick up Giant Owl, but this is just my arbitrary decision), which gives us a total of 20.
• Rogue 3/Cleric 1/Druid 2/Sorcerer 1/Ranger 6/Fighter 3: Choosing either the Cavalier or Samurai archetypes gives another language (it's an option of what we can learn, but obviously for this build we'll take the language option), so let's say Gnoll, giving us a total of 21 at this point.
• Rogue 3/Cleric 1/Druid 2/Sorcerer 1/Ranger 6/Fighter 4: We'll use our ASI for the Prodigy feat, which gives another language, let's pick Giant Elk for 22.
• Rogue 3/Cleric 1/Druid 2/Sorcerer 1/Ranger 6/Fighter 4/Monk 3: Way of the Ascendant Dragon has a feature called Draconic Disciple, which also has a "sub- feature" called "Tongue of Dragons"; similar to the Drakewarden Ranger, and it let's you pick any language, although since we'll already know Draconic from Drakewarden Ranger by this point, I won't repeat that rant; regardless, we'll choose, say, Gith as our new language, for a grant total of 23.

So, at level 20, we'll know a total of 23 languages (24 if you include Thieves' Cant). That's the maximum number of languages that you can know solely gained through game features, by which I mean racial traits, class traits, background and feats. This is, as mentioned, excluding UA options.

I'm also ignoring any magic items, if any of them grant languages, especially since I think you can technically slap a minor property onto any magic item that grants the wielder an extra language, and given that I can't see any reference to attunement mentioned for these "minor properties" (DMG p. 141), then technically you can have an unlimited number of these magic items for an unlimited number of known languages, so obviously that's no good for a realistic build all about maximising the number of languages known.

Answer 5

If you are looking at Level 1 in 5e DnD, the most would be 9. Human variant + linguist feat + Sage/Courtier/Anthropologist/etc + Knowledge Cleric. 2+3+2+2 =9, as there are only eight common languages, you can effectively speak with most everyone from the mortal plain.

However, I actually made a build that knows 19 languages by level 11.

Build: Race: Half-Elf (Common, Elvin, and one more) Background: Sage, acolyte, anthropologist, city watch, or courtier (two common languages) Classes -Cleric 1/knowledge: two common languages. -Sorcerer 1/draconic or storm: draconic or primordial, respectively. -Ranger 1: Undercommon from Favored Enemy -Druid 4/Circle of the Shepherd/Prodigy Feat: Druidic, Sylvan, Beast Speech, Halfling -Rogue 4/Mastermind/Linguist Feat: Thieves' cant and all remaining exotic languages.

3+2+2+1+1+3+1+1+2+3=19 languages by level 11.

As you can wild shape into an octopus at Druid 4, you can even read Qualith.

Under the assumption that a character starting at level 11 starts with 5000 + 1d10 x 250 Gold and languages cost 250 gold each to learn, a character starting at level 11 could know all main languages, Druidic and Thieves' Cant (Class Features), and beast speech as well as up to 20 more languages (You should leave spending money for equipment). Thankfully, there are only 18 more non-standard languages (19, if "Minotaur" becomes a new language). Humanoids: Aarakocra, Bullywug, Gith, Gnoll, Grung, Sahuagin, Thri-keen, Troglodyte (8) Non-humanoids: Grell, Hook Horror, Modron, Otyugh, Slaad, Sphinx, Tlincalli, Umber Hulk, Vegepygmy, Yeti (10)

Thus, even with Minotaur, a character starting at level 11 can arguably know all current languages and still have 250+1d10x250 Gold to spend on equipment, plus magical items.

Firbolgs, High Elves, and Yuan-ti Pureblood can match this build as well, just with different skills and stat layouts. Most other races can achieve this with a Belt of Dwarvenkind or spending the last guaranteed 250 Gold and Dwarves can get the same treatment with Demon Armor (Abyssal).

A favorite wild shape would also be Cranium Rat, as they get telepathy, despite only being CR 1/4.

Keep in mind that the Anthropologist background has a feature that helps a character learn humanoid languages much, much faster. Ranger guilds will likely help you find tutors that can teach monstrous languages.

As much as others will argue for Comprehend Languages, Tongues, Eyes of the Rune Keeper, and Tongue of Sun and Moon, spells have time limits and all have other drawbacks.

Eyes of the Rune Keeper: Reads everything, but can't speak everything. Doesn't guarantee writing, either. Comprehend Languages: Can read and hear, but not speak and write. Tongue of Sun and Moon: Talk with everyone, but can't read or write. Tongues: Talk with everyone, maybe read. Not guaranteed to write.

And I guess that's all I can say about ultimate linguist.

This build also allows for assisting the Fighter, Paladin, and Barabian by using the bonus action and reaction to grant advantage on ally attacks from a distance. Throw 4 levels of Bard with the Skilled Feat on, and you have all skill proficiencies with Expertise in half of them.

Have fun.

Answer 6

Without downtime rules, the maximum is 25 languages.

This is how you can make a character who knows 25 languages.

Race Selection

Those races have 3 languages:

• [PH] Elf - High Elf: Common, Elvish +1
• [PH] Half-elf: Common, Elvish +1

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• [EE] Aarakocra: Common, Aarakocra, and Auran.
• [MTF] Dwarf - Duergar: Common, Dwarvish, and Undercommon.
• [MTF] Elf - Sea Elf: Common, Elvish, and Aquan.
• [MTF] Gnome - Deep Gnome: Common, Gnomish and Undercommon.
• [VGM] Firbolg: Common, Elvish and Giant.
• [VGM] Yuan-Ti Pureblood: Common, Abyssal, and Draconic.

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• [UA] Elf - Avariel: Common, Elvish, and Auran.

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• [WGE] Changeling: Common +2
• [WGE] Kalashtar: Common, Quori +1
• [PSK] Aetherborn: Common +2
• [PSZ/PSI] Merfolk: Common, Merfolk +1
• [GRR] Vedalken: Common, Vedalken +1

First part are PH (Player's Handbook) races, also called "core" or "basic" races. Those races will be accepted regardless of the campaign 99% of the time.

Second part are races from official modules, they’ll be accepted most of the time. Keep an special eye for the Aarakocra, they are more commonly banned due to their Flying speed.

Third part are UA (Unearthed Arcana) races, always ask before using them.

Fourth part are campaign-specific (Eberron and Magic the Gathering) and by pattern not utilized outside their campaigns, but you could ask for it if the DM is being open to homebrew.

Languages that are good to pick

Elvish, Dwarvish, Abyssal, Celestial, Sylvan and Draconic are the most used languages so it’s good to have them. Sometimes Gnomish, Giant, Orc, Goblin, the elemental languages and Undercommon will also be called.

If you’re not playing their original modules, race-exclusive idioms from races in the fourth part are going to be pretty useless. Aarakocra as well, specially because must Aara can speak common anyway.

Background Selection

• [PH] Acolyte
• [PH] Sage

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• [SCAG] City Watch
• [SCAG] Cloistered Scholar
• [SCAG] Courtier
• [SCAG] Faction Agent
• [SCAG] Investigator

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• [ToA] Anthropologist
• [EE] Earthspur Miner who gives you Dwarvish and Undercommon

In exception to EM all them are Any Language x2

EM is tricky to make work because if you wanted to pick it, you’ll most probably already know Dwarvish or Undercommon unless you picked a Goliath or is from a random race who worked on mines for some time.

ToA (Tomb of Annihilation) is for the ToA campaign but may be accepted, SCAG (Sword Coast Aventurer's Guide) is a supplement for the main setting of the game so it should be accepted.

Alternatively, remember it is a core rule to make custom backgrounds with 2 languages or tool proficiencies and 2 skills at your choice.

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Feats

Here, 5 languages. Above the average for a normal char.

On feats you’ll want to pick Linguist (+3) and [XGtE] Prodigy (+1).

You could ask for your DM if they would allow you to pick Prodigy as a non-human as a homebrew rule. If they refuse, or you are playing Adventurer's League, pick Half-Elf as a race.

If the feats optional feature is enabled, I’ll assume you picked those two feats as soon it would be possible and on the presented order. So at level 4 you would have 8 languages and at level 8 you would have 9, regardless of class.

Now let’s check classes.

Class Selection

Official classes:

• The Barbarian, bards and wizards are useless for us. They don't give any more languages!
• Monks understands all languages as a class feature. It is not what we are looking at, so let's skip the class.
• The Cleric gives you 2 languages at level 1.
• The Druid gives you 1 language (Druidic) by picking the class. Circle of the Shepherd [XGE] gives you Sylvan at lvl 2.
• The Fighter subclass Cavalier (XGE) gives you 1 language at lvl 3, Monster Hunter (UA) gives you 1 between 3 languages (Abyssal, Infernal and Celestial) to pick also at lvl 3.
• The Ranger will let you learn 1 language by picking the class. Revised ranger, which is a well-beloved UA, lets you pick more 1 language at level 6.
• The Rogue’s subclass Matermind (XGE) gives you +2 languages at level 3. If you consider it a language, you also know Thieve’s Cant by picking the class.
• The Sorcerer either gives you Draconic (Draconic Bloodline) or Primordial [XGE] (Storm Sorcery)
• The Warlock can give you +2 languages by the UA Seeker Patron with an Eldritch Invocation at lvl 2.

UA classes:

• The Artificer and the Runic Scribe are useless for us.
• At 1st Mystic level, by following the Order of the Nomad, you gain +2 languages for Breadth of Knowledge and +1 for your Psychic Focus.

So, assuming multiclassing and UA are a thing, the perfect polyglot would be a Revised Ranger 6/Mystic 1/Cleric 1/Sorcerer 1/Druid 2/Warlock 2/Knight 3/Rogue 3 It doesn’t even makes for a level 20 character, it is a level 19! Sure, everyone will scream at you at combat, but at least they can’t speak 24 languages (25 with Thieves' Cant).

Extra scenarios

If DM only accepts the Revised Ranger as Unearthed Arcana material so you’ll end up with a Revised Ranger 6/Cleric 1/Sorcerer 1/Druid 2/Knight 3/Rogue 3 which makes up for a lvl-16 with 19 languages (20 with Thieves' Cant)

If DM isn’t accepting UA at all then you will have a Ranger 1/Cleric 1/Sorcerer 1/Druid 2/Knight 3/Rogue 3 which is a level 11 with 18 languages (19 with Thieves’ Cant).

If DM will only accept PHB material then you’ll have a Ranger 1/Cleric 1/Sorcerer 1/Druid 1/Rogue 1. It’s 13 languages, 14 with Thieves Cant, at level 5.

Without Multiclassing

All-incluse: Go Mystic (12 languages at lvl 8)

Official modules only: Go half-elf MM rogue (11-12 languages at lvl 8)

Only PP: Go half-elf Cleric (11 languages at lvl 8)

If they don’t accept feats, remove 4 languages from all setups but only 1 language to the PH-only setups.