Would the Spell Sniper feat affect the width of the lightning bolt spell, which is normally 100 feet long and 5 feet wide? Would it also increase the explosion range of fireball and such spells?
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Spell Sniper doubles the range of spells, not the area of the spell's effect. In addition, Spell Sniper only doubles the range of spells that require an attack roll.
When you cast a spell that requires you to make an attack roll, the spell’s range is doubled.
In the case of your two examples, Lightning Bolt and Fireball, neither of these spells require an attack roll, they require a saving throw. As such their range is unaffected by the Spell Sniper feat.
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No, it doesn't; it only doubles the range (not area) of spells that require attack rolls.
The first benefit of the Spell Sniper feat (PHB, p. 170) says:
When you cast a spell that requires you to make an attack roll, the spell’s range is doubled.
In general, area-of-effect spells require saving throws, not attack rolls.
Even if they did, though, the feat doesn't affect anything in the spell description itself - only the number in the range field.
For instance, consider the fire bolt spell (PHB, p. 242):
Range: 120 feet
[...]
You hurl a mote of fire at a creature or object within range. Make a ranged spell attack against the target.
If you have the Spell Sniper feat, and you cast fire bolt, it has a range of 240 feet for you, rather than 120 feet.
However, lightning bolt (PHB, p. 255) says
Range: Self (100-foot line)
[...]
A stroke of lightning forming a line 100 feet long and 5 feet wide blasts out from you in a direction you choose. Each creature in the line must make a Dexterity saving throw.
It is not an attack. Also, the area of effect is stated in the description; even if the range were changed (though a range of "Self" can't really be doubled), the dimensions of the area of effect ("100 feet long and 5 feet wide") in the description are unchanged.
The same is true of fireball (PHB, p. 241):
Range: 150 feet
[...]
A bright streak flashes from your pointing finger to a point you choose within range and then blossoms with a low roar into an explosion of flame. Each creature in a 20-foot-radius sphere centered on that point must make a Dexterity saving throw.
Again, it's not an attack, so Spell Sniper doesn't benefit it. If it were, doubling the range would make it possible to center the fireball up to 300 feet away from the caster - but the actual area of effect ("a 20-foot-radius sphere centered on that point") would still be unchanged.
Contrast this with the Distant Spell metamagic option
The sorcerer's Distant Spell metamagic option works similarly to the Spell Sniper feat, but it doesn't have the "attack" restriction and benefits "Self"-range spells:
When you cast a spell that has a range of 5 feet or greater, you can spend 1 sorcery point to double the range of the spell.
When you cast a spell that has a range of touch, you can spend 1 sorcery point to make the range of the spell 30 feet.
However, note that it still doesn't affect the size of the area of effect - only the range of the its point of origin.
